Changes in Emotional-Social Intelligence, Caring, Leadership and Moral Judgment during Health Science Education Programs
Main Article Content
Abstract
In addition to having academic knowledge and clinical skills, health professionals need to be caring, ethical practitioners able to understand the emotional concerns of their patients and to effect change. The purpose of this study was to determine whether emotional-social intelligence, caring, leadership and moral judgment of health science students change from the beginning to the end of their programs. Students from nursing, bachelor of health science and two physical therapy programs completed self-report questionnaires to evaluate emotional-social intelligence [BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Short (EQ-i:S)], caring [Caring Ability Inventory (CAI)] and leadership [Self-Assessment Leadership Inventory] at the beginning and end of their programs. Students in three of the programs also completed a test of moral decision-making [Defining Issues Test (DIT-2)] at both time points. Two-way analyses of variance (program versus time) demonstrated significant time effects for the total score of EQ-i:S, the Knowing subscale of CAI and the N2 score of the DIT-2. There were no major differences between programs. It can be concluded that health science students show small improvements in emotional-social intelligence, caring and moral judgment from the beginning to the end of their educational programs.
Downloads
Article Details
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (JoSoTL) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License, (CC-BY) 4.0 International, allowing others to share the work with proper acknowledgement and citation of the work's authorship and initial publication in the Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning.
- Authors are able to enter separate, additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in the Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning.
- In pursuit of manuscripts of the highest quality, multiple opportunities for mentoring, and greater reach and citation of JoSoTL publications, JoSoTL encourages authors to share their drafts to seek feedback from relevant communities unless the manuscript is already under review or in the publication queue after being accepted. In other words, to be eligible for publication in JoSoTL, manuscripts should not be shared publicly (e.g., online), while under review (after being initially submitted, or after being revised and resubmitted for reconsideration), or upon notice of acceptance and before publication. Once published, authors are strongly encouraged to share the published version widely, with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in the Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning.
References
Akerjordet, K., & Severinsson, E. (2008). Emotionally intelligent nurse leadership: A literature review study. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(5), 565-577. doi: 10.1111/j.13652834.2008.00893.x
American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) (2006). Evaluative Criteria for Accreditation of Education Programs for the Preparation of Physical Therapists. Retrieved from http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Accreditation_Handbook/EvaluativeCriteria_PT.pdf.
Barnitt, R. E. (1993). 'Deeply troubling questions': The teaching of ethics in undergraduate courses. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 401-406.
Barnitt, R. E. (1998). Ethical dilemmas in occupational therapy and physical therapy: A survey of practitioners in the UK National Health Service. Journal of Medical Ethics, 24, 193-199. doi: 10.1136/jme.24.3.193
Barnitt, R. E., & Roberts, L. C. (2000). Facilitating ethical reasoning in student physical therapists. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 14(3), 35-41.
Bar-On, R. (2002). BarOn emotional quotient inventory: Short (EQ-i:S): Technical manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Bar-On, R. (2004). The Bar-On emotional quotient inventory (EQi): Rationale, description, and summary of psychometric properties. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy (pp. 111-142). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18(Supp.), 13-25.
Beauvais, A. M., Brady, N., O'Shea, E. R., & Griffin, M. T. (2011). Emotional intelligence and nursing performance among nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 31(4), 396-401. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2010.07.013
Bebeau, M. J., & Thoma, S. J. (2003). Guide for DIT-2. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
Benson, G., Ploeg, J., & Brown, B. (2010). A cross-sectional study of emotional intelligence in baccalaureate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 30, 49-53. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2009.06.006
Benson, G., Martin, L., Ploeg, J. & Wessel, J. (2012). Longitudinal study of emotional intelligence, leadership, and caring, in undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 51(2), 95-101. doi: 10.3928/01484834-20120113-01
Bevis, E. O., & Watson, J. (2000). Toward a caring curriculum: A new pedagogy for nursing. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Borbasi, S., & Jackson, D. (2005). Nursing leadership: Power, politics and gender: The role of emotional intelligence. Collegian, 12(1), 5-6. doi: 10.1016/S1322-7696(08)60475-8
Brewer, J., & Cadman, C. (2000). Emotional intelligence, enhancing student effectiveness and patient outcomes. Nurse Educator, 25(6), 264-266. doi: 10.1097/00006223-200011000-00006
Codier, E., Kooker, B. M., & Schoultz, J. (2008). Measuring the emotional intelligence of clinical staff nurses. An approach for improving the clinical care environment. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 8-14. Doi: 10.1097/01.NAQ.0000305942.38816.3b
College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO). (2008). National competencies in the context of entry-level registered nurse practice. Toronto, ON: CNO. Retrieved from http://www.cno.org/docs/reg/41037_EntryToPracitic_final.pdf.
Dawda, D., & Hart, S. D. (2000) Assessing emotional intelligence: reliability and validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 797-812. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00139-7
Dieruf, K. (2004). Ethical decision-making by students in physical and occupational therapy. Journal of Allied Health, 33(1), 24-30.
Duckett, L., Rowan, M., Ryden, M., Krichbaum, K., Miller, M., Wainwright, H., & Savik, K. (1997). Progress in the moral reasoning of baccalaureate nursing students between program entry and exit. Nursing Research, 46(4), 222-229. doi: 10.1097/00006199-199707000-00007
Duffy, J. R. (2005). Want to graduate nurses who care? Assessing nursing students' caring competencies. Annual Review of Nursing Education, 3, 59-76.
Gard, G., & Gyllensten, A. L. (2004). Are emotions important for good interaction in treatment situations? Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 20, 107-119. doi: 10.1080/09593980490452995
Geddes, E. L., Salvatori, P., & Eva, K. W. (2009). Does moral judgement improve in occupational therapy and physiotherapy students over the course of their pre-licensure training? Learning in Health and Social Care, 8(2), 92-102. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-6861.2008.00205.x
Jaeger, A. J. (2003). Job competencies and the curriculum: An inquiry into emotional intelligence in graduate professional education. Research in Higher Education, 44(6), 615-639. doi: 10.1023/A:1026119724265
Jones, J. M., & Sackett, K. (2009). Integrating leadership and management content across the curriculum: A 3-course approach. Nurse Educator, 34(5), 204-208. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0b013e3181b4c4c6
Kim, Y. S., Park, J. W., Son, Y. J., & Han, S. S. (2004). A longitudinal study on the development of moral judgement in Korean nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 14, 309-319.
Larin, H. M., Benson, G., Martin, L., Wessel, J., Williams, R., & Ploeg, J. (2011). Examining change in emotional-social intelligence, caring, and leadership in health professions students. Journal of Allied Health, 40(2), 96-102.
Lewis, E. (2011). Longitudinal assessment of emotional intelligence in Doctor of Physical Therapy students. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 9(2).
Lopopolo, R. B., Schafer, D. S., & Nosse, L. J. (2004). Leadership, administration, management, and professionalism (LAMP) in physical therapy: A Delphi study. Physical Therapy, 84(2), 137150.
Mayeroff, M. (1971). On caring. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
McQueen, A. C. (2004). Emotional intelligence in nursing work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(1), 101-108. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03069.x
Morrison, J. (2008). The relationship between emotional intelligence competencies and preferred conflict-handling styles. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 974-983. doi: 10.1111/j.13652834.2008.00876.x
Nelson, M. L., Howell, J. K., Larson, J. C., & Karpiuk, K. L. (2001). Student outcomes of the healing web: Evaluation of a transformative model for nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 40(9), 404-413.
Nkongho, N. O. (2003). The caring ability inventory. In O. L. Strickland, & C. Dilorio (Eds.), Measurement of nursing outcomes, volume 3: Self care and coping (pp. 184-198). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Palese, A., Tomietto, M., Suhonen, R., Efstathiou, G., Tsangari, H., Merkouris, A., Papastavrou, E. (2011). Surgical patient satisfaction as an outcome of nurses' caring behaviors: A descriptive and correlational study in six European countries. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(4), 341350. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01413.x
Parker, J.D.A., Duffy, J.M., Wood, L.M., Bond, B.J., & Hogan, M.J. (2005). Academic achievement and emotional intelligence: Predicting the successful transition from high school to university. Journal of the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition, 17(1), 67-78.
Physiotherapy Education Accreditation Canada (PEAC). (2012). 2012 Accreditation standards for physiotherapy education programs in Canada. London, ON: PEAC. Retrieved from: http://www.peacaepc.ca/PDFs/Accreditation%20Standards/FINALPEACSTANDARDS2012_000.pdf
Rego, A., Godinho, L., McQueen, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2010). Emotional intelligence and caring behaviour in nursing. Service Industries Journal, 30(9), 1419-1437. doi: 10.1080/02642060802621486
Rest, J., Edwards, L., & Thoma, S. (1997). Designing and validating a measure of moral judgment: Stage preference and stage consistency approaches. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(1), 5-28. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.89.1.5
Rest, J., Thoma, S. J., Narvaez, D., & Bebeau, M. J. (1997). Alchemy and beyond: Indexing the defining issues test. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 498-507. doi: 10.1037/00220663.89.3.498
Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Thoma, S. J., & Bebeau, M. J. (1999). DIT2: Devising and testing a revised instrument of moral judgment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 644-659. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.644
Rochester, S., Kilstoff, K., & Scott, G. (2005). Learning from success: Improving undergraduate education through understanding the capabilities of successful nurse graduates. Nurse Education Today, 25(3), 181-188. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2004.12.002
Romanello, M., & Knight-Abowitz, K. (2000). The "ethic of care" in physical therapy practice and education: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 14(3), 2025.
Schafer, D. S., Lopopolo, R. B., & Luedtke-Hoffmann, K. A. (2007). Administration and management skills needed by physical therapist graduates in 2010: A national survey. Physical Therapy, 87(3), 261-281. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20060003
Simmons, P., & Cavanaugh, S. (2000). Relationships among student and graduate caring ability and professional school climate. Journal of Professional Nursing, 16(2), 76-83. doi: 10.1016/S8755-7223(00)80019-8
Sisola, S. W. (2000). Moral reasoning as a predictor of clinical practice: The development of physical therapy students across the professional curriculum. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 14(3), 26-34.
Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2003). Emotional intelligence training and its implications for stress, health and performance. Stress and Health, 19, 233–239. doi: 10.1002/smi.979
Smola, B. K. (1988). Refinement and validation of a tool measuring leadership characteristics of baccalaureate nursing students. In C. F. Waltz, & O. L. Strickland (Eds.), Measurement of nursing outcome, volume two: Measuring nursing performance: Practice, education and research (pp. 314-336). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Snow, J. L. (2001). Looking beyond nursing for clues to effective leadership. Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(9), 440-443. doi: 10.1097/00005110-200109000-00010
SPSS Inc. (2009). PASW statistics for windows. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Suliman, W. A. (2010). The relationship between learning styles, emotional social intelligence, and academic success of undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Nursing Research, 18(2), 136-143.
Triezenberg, H. L. (1996). The identification of ethical issues in physical therapy practice. Physical Therapy, 76(10), 1097-1107.
Triezenberg, H. L. (1997). Teaching ethics in physical therapy education: A Delphi study. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 11(2), 16-22.
Triezenberg, H. L., & Davis, C. M. (2000). Beyond the code of ethics: Educating physical therapists for their role as moral agents. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 14(3), 48-58.
Wagner, P. J., Moseley, G. C., Grant, M. M., Gore, J. R., & Owens, C. (2002). Physicians’ emotional intelligence and patient satisfaction. Family Medicine, 34(10), 750-754.
Warelow, P., & Edward, K. (2007). Caring as a resilient practice in mental health nursing. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 16, 132-135. doi: 10.1111/j.14470349.2007.00456.x
Wessel, J., Larin, H., Benson, G., Brown, B., Ploeg, J., Williams, R., & Martin, L. (2008). Emotional-social intelligence in health science students and its relation to leadership, caring and moral judgment. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 6(1).
Yura, H. (1970). Faculty perceptions of behavior indicating leadership potential of baccalaureate nursing students. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America.